![]() We refer to this as the “crop factor,” and it allows us to quickly determine that a 45mm micro four-thirds lens is equivalent to a 90mm full frame lens. Crop Factor and Apertureĭifferent sensor sizes change the field of view provided by a focal length. So, the larger full-frame format will always be better in low-light and produce less noise-but the difference might never be important to you. However, smaller sensors capture less light because they have less surface area. Tip: Big and small sensors can both have very high megapixel counts. If you were using a compact DSLR and wanted the same field of view, you would use a 125mm lens, because 200 / 1.6 = 125. Therefore, if you see an example picture that shows a 200mm focal length, you can bet that it’s probably 200mm using the full-frame 35mm format. Most of the photography world, including myself, use 35mm equivalents when discussing focal length just because 35mm has historically been the most popular format. Micro Four-Thirds: the Olympus 14-42mm.Given this conversion, these three lenses provide similar zoom ranges when attached to the type of camera they were designed for: On a Micro Four-Thirds camera, the normal view is about 25mm, or 50 / 2. On a compact camera, the normal view is about 31mm, or 50 / 1.6. On a full-frame camera, the normal view is 50mm. For example, a “normal” or “standard” lens sees about the same angle of view as our eyes. If you want to calculate the equivalent focal length for a medium format camera, you would multiply it by 2. If you want to calculate the equivalent focal length for a Micro Four-Thirds camera, you would divide the focal length by 2. Therefore, if you want to calculate the equivalent focal length for a compact DSLR, you would divide the 35mm focal length by 1.6 for Canon or 1.5 for Nikon. Throughout this book and Stunning Digital Photography, I list focal lengths in 35mm equivalent. The crop factor is very important to understand when purchasing lenses or even just reading this site. The following figure shows the relative sizes of different sensor types along with the crop factor of each. The following figure compares a compact camera sensor to a full-frame camera sensor. For those reasons, most professional photographers use full-frame 35mm DSLRs instead. The 60 megapixel Hasselblad H4D-60 retails for about $42,000, yet it can’t take decent indoor pictures without flash, it’s too slow for wildlife or sports, and it’s too big for most people to carry around (though I often travel with a medium format film camera). Medium-format DSLRs provide professional studio photographers the resolution they need for shooting magazine covers and posters. Given the same variety of native lenses, you could get the same photos with smaller sensors, but other formats simply don’t have the same variety available and adapting the lenses always comes with significant penalties. Additionally, full-frame Canon and Nikon cameras have access to the widest variety of native lenses simply because the formats have been used by professionals for decades. Instead, I recommend full-frame cameras to photographers because they tend to have more features completely unrelated to the sensor. Full-frame DSLRs are the right choice for most professional photographers, but not simply because the sensor is bigger. Matching the sensor size of 35mm film, full-frame DSLRs require bigger, more expensive lenses. ![]() ![]() Crop factor is discussed in more detail later in this section. In fact, many wildlife photographers prefer an APS-C or DX camera over their full-frame counterparts. This is known as the crop factor, and it’s actually helpful when using telephoto lenses with wildlife or sports. You can also connect full-frame lenses to Canon APS-C, Nikon DX, and Sony Alpha bodies, but when you take a picture, the camera will crop out a smaller section from the center of the lens image. Lenses designed for their smaller sensors are lighter and less expensive than those designed for bigger, full-frame cameras. The smallest type of DSLR is also a common mid-range mirrorless format and the right choice for most non-professional photographers. APS-C (1.5X for most, 1.6X for Canon).These small mirrorless cameras have relatively small 16-megapixel sensors that are capable of producing excellent images when paired with the right lenses. These tiny mirrorless cameras, such as the Nikon 1, have the smallest common sensors. Cameras can be divided into several categories by their sensor size. ![]()
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